refugee camps, extending the lifespan of latrines is more important than the technology used (Patinet, 2010 von Münch & Ingle, 2012: 4-1). Innovative urine diversion dehydration (UDD). Private sector involvement is essential for improved pit emptying technologies, such as the modified pedal-powered (manual) Gulper technology (Chipeta et al., 2017) and eVac (Greene et al., 2017) have both been used in Malawi and Rwanda, respectively.The delegated management model (DMM) approach to improve water utility services specifically for the urban poor in Kenya is similar to innovative approaches used in Dhaka, Bangladesh and Manila, The Philippines (WSP, 2009: 3).Īn automated SMS service from the government has been used to decrease costs of faecal sludge removal in Senegal.Community-led and social innovations, such as DEWATS and CLTS, are popular in South Asian countries.Some cities have piloted city-wide Learning Alliances to trigger cross-learning in communities (Sutherland et al. Social marketing, as well as business and financing models, are other innovations which can be incorporated in up-scaling WASH projects for the urban poor (UN Habitat, 2014a: 34 Dubois, 2017: 1). Approximately 6,000 people have benefitted from SOIL’s growing container-based sanitation (CBS) EkoLakay and EcoMobil toilet using their innovative social business plan in Haiti (Tilmans et al., 2015).Latrines based on innovative CBS designs have helped almost eliminate open faecal defaecation (OFD) in Haiti. e-vouchers that can be spent on hygiene items are used in Syrian camps (Aggiss, 2016: 5) The Urinal Project by Cewas Middle East provides a safe odourless unisex alternative to using camp toilet blocks.In Lebanon, GPS technology and installation of flow-o-meters will now be used to improve accountability for household sanitation services (UNHCR, 2016: 41 interviews).The xnxx application only works on Android. It can't work on Apple Iphone because Apple completely bans porn.
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